Inclusion criteriaSearch strategyAppraisal and analysis
  • Qualitative and quantitative studies conducted in English between 1982 and 2022.

  • Studies in any clinical setting or location with distress as the focus.

  • Studies which considered the level of nurse education, and years of nursing practice in the analysis and discussion.

  • Searches were carried out in CINAHL, ERIC, PubMed, Embase and PsychInfo.

  • The PRISMA guideline was used to develop and organise the review.3

  • The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklists were used to appraise study quality and suitability for inclusion.4