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Women’s health & midwifery
Early pregnancy bleeding after assisted reproductive technology: a common adverse event that does not always affect reproductive outcome
  1. Andrea Etrusco,
  2. Antonio Simone Laganà
  1. Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), "Paolo Giaccone" Hospital, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
  1. Correspondence to Dr. Antonio Simone Laganà, Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), "Paolo Giaccone" Hospital, University of Palermo, Palermo 90127, Italy; antoniosimone.lagana{at}unipa.it

https://doi.org/10.1136/ebnurs-2023-103914

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    Commentary on: Nielsen JM, Humaidan P, Jensen MB, et al. Early pregnancy bleeding after assisted reproductive technology: a systematic review and secondary data analysis from 320 patients undergoing hormone replacement therapy frozen embryo transfer. Hum Reprod 2023;38:2373–81.

    Implications for practice and research

    • Patients with autologous vitrified blastocyst transfer treated with a hormone replacement therapy frozen embryo transfer (FET) protocol should be informed that at least minor bleeding appears to be a common adverse event early in pregnancy.

    • Future studies should include patients with natural timing of ovulation (natural cycle frozen embryo transfer, NC-FET) and placental attachment.

    Context

    Vaginal bleeding is an adverse event that occurs in 20% of spontaneous pregnancies. Although many women with bleeding have normal term pregnancies, profuse bleeding, especially accompanied by pain, carries an increased risk of miscarriage. Our knowledge about early bleeding in pregnancy after hormone …

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    Footnotes

    • Competing interests None declared.

    • Provenance and peer review Commissioned; internally peer reviewed.