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Q Do smoking and drinking alcohol increase the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in middle aged and elderly people?
METHODS
Design:
prospective cohort study with 5 year follow up.
Setting:
population based study in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, USA.
Participants:
3392 men and women 43–86 years of age (mean age 62 y) who participated in the baseline and 5 year examinations and had serum creatinine measurements taken at both time points. People with CKD at baseline were excluded.
Risk factors:
cigarette smoking and heavy alcohol consumption (⩾4 alcoholic drinks/d) at baseline. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounding factors, including age, sex, education, body mass index, current use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hypertension status, diabetes status, …
Footnotes
For correspondence: Dr R Klein, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. kleinr{at}epi.ophth.wisc.edu
Source of funding: National Institutes of Health and Research to Prevent Blindness.