TY - JOUR T1 - Review: smoking is associated with decreased bone mineral density and increased risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women JF - Evidence Based Nursing JO - Evid Based Nurs SP - 88 LP - 88 DO - 10.1136/ebn.1.3.88 VL - 1 IS - 3 A2 - , Y1 - 1998/07/01 UR - http://ebn.bmj.com/content/1/3/88.abstract N2 - Law MR, Hackshaw AK. A meta-analysis of cigarette smoking, bone mineral density and risk of hip fracture: recognition of a major effect.BMJ1997 Oct 4;315:841–6.OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text Question Does smoking lead to decreased bone mineral density and increased risk of hip fracture in premenopausal and postmenopausal women? Studies were identified from a Medline search using the terms smoking or tobacco combined with the terms bone density, osteoporosis, or hip fracture. References from relevant papers were also reviewed.Studies were selected if they assessed bone mineral density or hip fracture in women according to smoking habit. Studies of patients with specific diseases or those who started smoking later in life were excluded.Data were extracted on age adjusted bone mineral density in the femoral neck, radius, or calcaneus; the difference between the mean bone mineral density of women who smoked and those who did not smoke; incidence of hip fracture; age adjusted relative risk (RR) of hip fracture based on … ER -