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The general purpose of Evidence-Based Nursing is to select from the health related literature those articles reporting studies and reviews that warrant immediate attention by nurses attempting to keep pace with important advances in their profession. These articles are summarised in “value added” abstracts and commented on by clinical experts. The specific purposes of Evidence-Based Nursing are:

  • To identify, using predefined criteria, the best quantitative and qualitative original and review articles on the meaning, cause, course, assessment, prevention, treatment, or economics of health problems managed by nurses and on quality assurance

  • To summarise this literature in the form of “structured abstracts” that describe the question, methods, results, and evidence-based conclusions of studies in a reproducible and accurate fashion

  • To provide brief, highly expert comment on the context of each article, its methods, and clinical applications that its findings warrant

  • To disseminate the summaries in a timely fashion to nurses.

The Royal College of Nursing (RCN) Publishing Company and the British Medical Journal (BMJ) Publishing Group publish Evidence-Based Nursing under the editorship of Dr Alba DiCenso and Dr Donna Ciliska at McMaster University in Canada and Dr Nicky Cullum at the University of York in the UK. The Health Information Research Unit (HIRU) of the Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics at McMaster University hosts the editorial office for the production of the abstracts and commissioning of commentaries. Dr Brian Haynes acts as coordinating editor to ensure that methods and procedures are consistent with other evidence-based journals prepared by HIRU.

Criteria for selection and review of articles for abstracting

All articles in a journal issue are considered for abstracting if they meet these criteria:

BASIC CRITERIA

  • Original or review articles

  • In English

  • Quantitative and qualitative studies

  • About topics that are important to the clinical practice of nurses in any setting

  • Analysis of each article is consistent with the study question.

QUANTITATIVE STUDIES

Studies of prevention or treatment must meet these additional criteria:

  • Random allocation of participants to comparison groups

  • Follow up (end point assessment) of ≥80% of those entering the investigation

  • Outcome measure of known or probable clinical importance.

Studies of assessment (screening or diagnosis) must meet these additional criteria:

  • Inclusion of a spectrum of participants, some, but not all of whom, have the condition of interest

  • Objective diagnostic (“gold”) standard (eg, central venous pressure) or current clinical standard for diagnosis (eg, sphygmomanometer reading for hypertension), preferably with documentation of reproducible criteria for subjectively interpreted diagnostic standard (ie, report of statistically significant measure of agreement beyond chance among observers)

  • Each participant must receive both the new test and some form of the diagnostic standard

  • Interpretation of diagnostic standard without knowledge of test result

  • Interpretation of test without knowledge of diagnostic standard result.

Studies of prognosis must meet these additional criteria:

  • Inception cohort (first onset or assembled at a uniform point in the development of a condition or disease) of individuals, all initially free of the outcome of interest

  • Follow up of ≥80% of participants until the occurrence of a major study endpoint or to the end of the study.

Studies of causation must meet these additional criteria:

  • Observations concerning the relation between modifiable exposures and putative clinical outcomes

  • Prospective data collection with clearly identified comparison group(s) for those at risk of, or having, the outcome of interest (in descending order of preference, from randomised controlled trials, quasi-randomised controlled trials, non-randomised controlled trials, cohort study with case by case matching or statistical adjustment to create comparable groups, or nested case control studies)

  • Blinding (masking) of observers of outcome to exposure (criterion assumed to be met if outcome is objective, eg, all cause mortality or self administered psychometric test)

Studies of quality improvement or continuing education must meet these additional criteria:

  • Random allocation of participants or units to comparison groups

  • Follow up of ≥80% of participants

  • Outcome measure of known or probable clinical importance.

Studies of the economics of healthcare programmes or interventions must meet these additional criteria:

  • The economic question must compare alternative courses of action

  • Alternative diagnostic or therapeutic services or quality assurance activities must be compared on the basis of both the outcomes produced (effectiveness) and resources consumed (costs)

  • Evidence of effectiveness must be from a study (or studies) of real (not hypothetical) patients, which meets the criteria for treatment, assessment, quality assurance, or a review article

  • Results should be presented in terms of the incremental or additional costs and outcomes of one intervention over another

  • Where there is uncertainty in the estimates or imprecision in the measurement, a sensitivity analysis should be done.

Clinical prediction guides must meet these additional criteria:

  • The guide must be generated in ≥1 set of real (not hypothetical) patients (training set)

  • The guide must be validated in an independent set of real patients (test set)

  • The guide must pertain to treatment, assessment, prognosis, or causation.

Review articles must meet these additional criteria:

  • A clear statement of the clinical topic being reviewed

  • A clear description of the sources and methods for identifying articles

  • Specification of the inclusion and exclusion criteria for selecting articles for detailed review

  • ≥ 1 article in the review must meet the above noted criteria for treatment, assessment, prognosis, causation, quality assurance, or economics of healthcare programmes.

QUALITATIVE STUDIES

  • Content reflects the phenomenon of interest from the perspective of people experiencing it

  • Data collection methods are appropriate for qualitative data

  • Analyses are appropriate for qualitative data.

These criteria are subject to modification if, for example, it becomes feasible to apply higher standards that increase the validity and applicability of studies for clinical practice. The objective of Evidence-Based Nursing is to abstract only the very best literature, consistent with a reasonable number of articles “making it through the filter”.

Articles meeting the criteria set out above are abstracted according to the procedure for more informative abstracts,1 with the following modifications: abstracts are approximately 400 words in length; and each abstract is reviewed by an expert in the content area covered by the article. This expert writes a commentary in which she or he compares the study findings to previous research findings, identifies any important methodological problems that affect interpretation of the study results, and offers recommendations for clinical application. The author of the article is given an opportunity to review the abstract and commentary before publication.

On an ongoing basis, we will publish to the Evidence-Based Nursing web site (www.evidencebasednursing.com) a selected list of articles that passed all criteria but were not abstracted because, in the judgment of the editors, their findings were less applicable to general nursing practice, the topic was of interest to only a select group of nurse specialists or the topic was recently addressed in another abstract.

Journals reviewed for this issue

Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand
Acta Orthop Scand
Acta Psychiatr Scand
Addiction
Age Ageing
Aliment Pharmacol Ther
Am J Cardiol
Am J Epidemiol
Am J Gastroenterol
Am J Med
Am J Obstet Gynecol
Am J Psychiatry
Am J Public Health
Am J Respir Crit Care Med
Am J Sports Med
Ann Emerg Med
Ann Intern Med
Ann Rheum Dis
Ann Surg
ANS Adv Nurs Sci
Appl Nurs Res
Arch Dis Child
Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed
Arch Gen Psychiatry
Arch Intern Med
Arch Neurol
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
Arch Phys Med Rehabil
Arch Surg
Arthritis Care Res
Arthritis Rheum
Arthroscopy
Behav Res Ther
Behav Ther
Birth
BMJ
Br J Clin Psychol
Br J Gen Pract
Br J Obstet Gynaecol
Br J Psychiatry
Br J Surg
Can J Gastroenterol
Can J Nurs Res
Can J Psychiatry
Can J Surg
Can Resp J
Cancer Nurs
Circulation
Clin Orthop Rel Res
CMAJ
Cochrane Database Syst Rev
Crit Care Med
Dev Med Child Neurol
Diabet Med
Diabetes Care
Fam Pract
Foot Ankle
Gastroenterol
Gen Hosp Psychiatry
Gut
Health Educ Behav
Health Psychol
Heart
Heart Lung
Hypertension
Int J Behav Med
Int J Geriatr Psychiatry
J Adv Nurs
J Affect Disord
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
J Am Coll Cardiol
J Am Coll Surg
J Am Geriatr Soc
J Am Med Inform Assoc
J Arthroplasty
J Bone Joint Surg Am
J Bone Joint Surg Br
J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol
J Child Psychol Psychiatry
J Clin Epidemiol
J Clin Nurs
J Clin Psychiatry
J Clin Psychopharmacol
J Consult Clin Psychol
J Fam Pract
J Gen Intern Med
J Hand Surg [Am]
J Hand Surg [Br]
J Infect Dis
J Manipulative Physiol Ther
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
J Neurosurg
J Nurs Scholarsh
J Orthop Trauma
J Orthopaedic Res
J Pediatr
J Pediatr Oncol Nurs
J Pediatric Orthop
J Rheumatol
J Trauma
J Vasc Surg
JAMA
Journal of Mental Health
Lancet
Med Care
Med J Aust
Midwifery
N Engl J Med
Neurology
Neurosurgery
Nurs Res
Obstet Gynecol
Pain
Patient Educ Couns
Pediatrics
Psychiatr Serv
Psychol Aging
Psychol Med
Psychosom Med
Qual Health Res
Radiology
Res Nurs Health
Rheumatology
Schizophr Bull
Soc Sci Med
Spine
Stroke
Thorax
West J Nurs Re

References