Associations between soft drink consumption and various outcomes*
| Outcomes | Number and type of studies | Mean effect size (p value) |
|---|---|---|
| *Effect sizes ⩽0.10 were considered to be small, 0.25 to be medium, and ⩾0.40 to be large. | ||
| †Information provided by author. | ||
| Energy intake | 5 longitudinal studies | 0.24 (p<0.001) |
| 4 long-term randomised controlled trials (consumption over 3–10 wks) | 0.30 (p<0.001) | |
| 12 short-term randomised controlled trials (consumption over a meal or single day) | 0.21 (p = 0.004) | |
| Body weight | {10}† longitudinal studies | 0.09 (p<0.001) |
| 7 randomised controlled trials | 0.24 (p<0.001) | |
| Milk intake | 5 longitudinal studies | −0.21 (p<0.001) |
| Calcium intake | 5 longitudinal studies | −0.13 (p = 0.004) |
