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The combination of smoking and heavy drinking increased the risk of chronic kidney disease

https://doi.org/10.1136/ebn.10.2.60

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    Shankar A, Klein R, Klein BE. The association among smoking, heavy drinking, and chronic kidney disease. Am J Epidemiol 2006;164:263–71.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science

    Q Do smoking and drinking alcohol increase the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in middle aged and elderly people?

    METHODS

    Embedded ImageDesign:

    prospective cohort study with 5 year follow up.

    Embedded ImageSetting:

    population based study in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, USA.

    Embedded ImageParticipants:

    3392 men and women 43–86 years of age (mean age 62 y) who participated in the baseline and 5 year examinations and had serum creatinine measurements taken at both time points. People with CKD at baseline were excluded.

    Embedded ImageRisk factors:

    cigarette smoking and heavy alcohol consumption (⩾4 alcoholic drinks/d) at baseline. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounding factors, including age, sex, education, body mass index, current use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hypertension status, diabetes status, …

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    Footnotes

    • For correspondence: Dr R Klein, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. kleinr{at}epi.ophth.wisc.edu

    • Source of funding: National Institutes of Health and Research to Prevent Blindness.