The combination of smoking and heavy drinking increased the risk of chronic kidney disease
Q Do smoking and drinking alcohol increase the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in middle aged and elderly people?
METHODS
Design:
prospective cohort study with 5 year follow up.
Setting:
population based study in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, USA.
Participants:
3392 men and women 43–86 years of age (mean age 62 y) who participated in the baseline and 5 year examinations and had serum creatinine measurements taken at both time points. People with CKD at baseline were excluded.
Risk factors:
cigarette smoking and heavy alcohol consumption (⩾4 alcoholic drinks/d) at baseline. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounding factors, including age, sex, education, body mass index, current use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hypertension status, diabetes status, and history of cardiovascular disease.
Outcomes:
CKD (glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2). Glomerular filtration …
