CAUSATION
Smoking increased risk of cervical cancer, independent of infection with high-risk HPV types
| The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. |
Is smoking an independent risk factor for cervical cancer, after controlling for infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV)?
nested case–control study within a prospective cohort study.
5 population-based serum banks in 4 Nordic countries, consisting of serum samples from >1 million women, most collected during early pregnancy.
cases were 588 women diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer after their serum sample had been banked (mean age at diagnosis 34–56 y). Controls were 2861 women who were free of cancer at the time of the corresponding case’s diagnosis, matched to cases (5 per case) by bank, age at sampling, storage time of sample, and county (in Norway).*
smoking status as assessed by serum cotinine concentration: <20 ng/ml (non-smokers and women passively exposed), 20 to <100 ng/ml (light smokers), and 
100 ng/ml (heavy smokers), with adjustment for presence of antibodies to HPV types 16 and 18.
invasive cervical cancer (squamous cell
Memorial University of Newfoundland, School of Nursing, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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